The cryptocurrency market in Turkey has evolved from an unregulated landscape to a structured financial sector under the supervision of the Capital Markets Board (CMB). Driven by the need to preserve purchasing power amidst economic shifts, local and foreign investors have flocked to digital assets, prompting the Turkish government to establish a robust legal framework.
This guide provides an in-depth look at the current cryptocurrency laws in Turkey, covering everything from initial prohibitions to the latest tax regulations, licensing requirements, and mandatory user identification rules.
The Evolution of Crypto Regulation in Turkey
The journey toward legitimizing cryptocurrencies in Turkey began with restrictive measures but has shifted toward institutional oversight.
The Initial Regulatory Framework (2021)
In April 2021, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) issued the "Regulation on Prohibiting Payments with Crypto-Assets." This regulation established key definitions and restrictions:
•Definition of Crypto Assets: Digitally generated assets using distributed ledger technology, specifically excluding them from being considered legal tender, fiat money, or electronic money.
•Payment Prohibition: Direct or indirect use of crypto assets for payments is strictly forbidden.
•Intermediary Restrictions: Payment and electronic money institutions are prohibited from providing intermediary services to crypto trading platforms.
The Crypto Law (Law No. 7518)
The enactment of Law No. 7518 significantly amended the Capital Markets Law (CML), positioning the Capital Markets Board (CMB) as the chief regulatory body. This law provides the legal basis for regulating crypto asset service providers (CASPs) and grants the CMB authority to oversee their operations, licensing, and termination.
Licensing and Operating Requirements for Crypto Platforms
Operating a crypto asset business in Turkey now requires strict adherence to CMB standards. Unauthorized activity carries severe legal and criminal risks.
Mandatory CMB Licensing
Any entity providing crypto asset services, including trading platforms and custody services, must obtain a license from the CMB. Engaging in these activities without a license is classified as an unlawful capital market activity under Article 109 of the CML.
Legal and Criminal Risks of Unauthorized Operation
Imprisonment and Fines: Individuals engaging in unauthorized operations can face 2 to 5 years of imprisonment and significant judicial fines.
Confiscation of Earnings: Under Article 55 of the Turkish Criminal Code, all earnings derived from unauthorized capital market operations performed as a profession can be confiscated.
Internet Access Bans: The CMB has the authority to block access to foreign platforms that target Turkish residents (e.g., by maintaining a Turkish website or advertising in Turkey) without a local license.
Requirements for Establishing a Platform
To establish a trading platform in Turkey, companies must fulfill several legal and technical criteria:
KYC Protocols: Implementing robust "Know Your Customer" procedures, including identity and address verification.
Shareholder Transparency: Full background checks, including criminal records and educational qualifications for shareholders and directors.
Financial Integration: Secure API integrations with Turkish banks for fund transfers.
Compliance Infrastructure: Establishing internal control mechanisms and anti-money laundering (AML) protocols.
Mandatory User Identification and Transaction Limits
To align with global anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CTF) standards, Turkey has introduced specific identification requirements for users.
The 15,000 TRY Threshold
As of January 1, 2025, any crypto transaction—or series of linked transactions—exceeding 15,000 Turkish Liras (TRY) triggers a mandatory identity verification process.
Liable Institutions: Crypto service providers are officially considered "liable institutions" under the supervision of the Financial Crimes Investigation Board (MASAK).
Anonymity Elimination: High-value transfers can no longer be anonymous, ensuring greater financial transparency.
Valid Forms of Identification
Turkish Nationals: Identity card, driver’s license, passport, or residence permit.
Foreign Nationals: Valid passport or equivalent national identity documents recognized under Turkish law.
Taxation of Crypto Assets in Turkey
Turkey has introduced a three-layer taxation model to regulate gains from crypto asset transactions.
Transaction Tax
A tax of 0.03% (3 per ten thousand) is applied to sales and transfer transactions conducted through crypto asset service providers.
Capital Gains Tax
Local Licensed Platforms (CMB-regulated): While the law stipulates a 10% withholding tax, it is currently reduced to zero percent (0%) by Presidential decree to encourage the use of local platforms.
Foreign or Unregulated Platforms: Gains are taxed through declaration based on progressive income tax rates, ranging from 15% to 40%.
VAT Exemption
To prevent double taxation, crypto asset deliveries subject to the transaction tax are exempt from Value Added Tax (VAT).
Navigating the New Compliance Era
Turkey’s transition toward a regulated crypto ecosystem has significantly narrowed legal gray areas, bolstering investor confidence while imposing strict accountability on service providers. Whether you are an individual investor or a fintech entrepreneur, understanding these laws is essential for operating safely and legally within the Turkish market.
As the regulatory landscape continues to evolve, particularly with the upcoming implementation of the OECD’s Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) in 2027, staying informed and seeking expert legal counsel is highly recommended.
At Bayraktar Attorneys, we specialize in fintech and cryptocurrency law, providing comprehensive legal structuring, licensing assistance, and compliance consultancy. Contact us today to ensure your crypto operations in Turkey are fully compliant with the latest regulations.
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